Beginning with the death of a student in a university chemistry laboratory, this book provides a detailed analysis of the consequences for health and safety of the increasingly complex division of labor in contemporary organizations. Complex bureaucracy was the engine of productivity for several centuries but may now be the source of persistent organizational failure. Although this book focuses on scientific laboratories, it is a challenge for all services and production – from banking, medicine, transportation, energy, to managing big buildings, stadiums and even parks. All depend on tightly linked but distinct responsibilities that require almost perfect communication for the entire organization, or system, to work.

Imagine organizations where the links and nodes have specialized expertise and are expected to make discretionary decisions applying their expertise to individual cases. How does such a system, such an organization, insure that each actor is actually doing her job well and passing along the appropriate information or material to others?

We used to think about these kinds of problems as the province of extraordinary technologies like nuclear power plants, or air traffic control. Now, these kinds of coordination and responsibility issue are just about everywhere and it is almost impossible to insure accountability for when things go wrong, and they always do.