The Margueritte Affair is a “global microhistory” of a short-lived 1901 revolt against French rule in central Algeria and the public debate about the character of French settler colonialism in Algeria that was sparked by the trial of the accused rebels in Montpellier in 1902-03. Drawing on the voluminous judicial files from the case, administrative archives, and newspaper and literary accounts, the book situates the uprising and trial within the contexts of French settlement in Algeria, Algerian traditions of popular Islam, the symbolic economy of colonial prestige, the Dreyfus Affair and the settler anti-Jewish movement of the 1890s, and global debates about the relationship between settler colonies and their metropoles at the dawn of the twentieth century. By focusing closely on Margueritte and taking advantage of the archive generated by the events of 1901, the book aims to offer a new portrait of everyday life and the unexpectedly complex social relations in rural colonial Algeria the relationships between social, religious, and political violence in French North Africa, and the specificities of colonial violence in settler contexts.